I listen Japanese postcasts for most of the day and I often hear things I can understand, but either the meaning throws me off or I can't process it fast enough. The main thing that I struggle with are words like ところで、すると、というか where the meaning differs to the literal meanings of the words e.g. ところで means by the way rather than at a generic place.

Does anyone know where I can find a list of these? Or even what they are called? I don't know if they're quite classed as idiomatic as some of them sort of do make sense like その時.

I often hear things like もうダメ、その通り etc... and the meanings "already not good" or "that street" doesn't make any sense to me when I'm listening.